Ôn Tập Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh

Câu bị động

Passive Voice

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S + be + V₃ (+ by O)

Chia "be" theo thì

Hiện tại đơn: am/is/are + V₃
Hiện tại tiếp diễn: am/is/are + being + V₃
Hiện tại hoàn thành: have/has + been + V₃
Quá khứ đơn: was/were + V₃
Quá khứ tiếp diễn: was/were + being + V₃
Tương lai đơn: will + be + V₃

→ The letter is written by him.
→ The cake was being eaten when I arrived.
→ The project has been completed already.

S + modal + be + V₃

→ This problem can be solved easily.
→ The report must be submitted today.
→ Mistakes should be avoided.
→ The door might be locked.

Modal + be + V₃ → không chia "be" theo chủ ngữ.

Thể nhờ vả

Causative

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Have – sắp xếp ai làm

have + O người + V (bare) have + O vật + V₃

→ I had him fix my car. (nhờ anh ấy sửa)
→ I had my car fixed. (xe được sửa)

Get – thuyết phục / nhờ

get + O người + to-V get + O vật + V₃

→ She got him to clean the room.
→ She got her hair cut.

Make – ép buộc (bị động: be made to-V)

make + O + V (bare)

→ The teacher made students rewrite the essay.
→ Students were made to rewrite it.

Let – cho phép (bị động: be allowed to-V)

let + O + V (bare)

→ Dad let me use the car.

Help – giúp đỡ

help + O + (to) V

→ She helped him (to) understand the problem.

Câu điều kiện (If)

Conditionals

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Loại 0 – Sự thật

If + HTĐ, HTĐ

→ If you heat water, it boils.

Loại 1 – Có thể xảy ra

If + HTĐ, will + V

→ If it rains, we will stay home.

Loại 2 – Không có thật (HT)

If + V₂/were, would + V

→ If I were rich, I would travel the world.

Loại 3 – Không có thật (QK)

If + had + V₃, would have + V₃

→ If she had studied, she would have passed.

Mixed – QK → HT

If + had V₃, would + V (HT)

→ If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now.

Mixed – HT → QK

If + V₂ (HT), would have + V₃

→ If I were braver, I would have spoken up.

Đảo ngữ (bỏ "If")

L1: Should you need help, call me.
L2: Were I you, I would apologize.
L3: Had I known, I would have told you.

Unless = if…not:
  Unless you hurry, you'll be late.

Provided that:
  Provided that you pass, you'll get the job.

As long as:
  You can stay as long as you're quiet.

Only if + đảo ngữ:
  Only if you study hard will you succeed.

Mệnh đề quan hệ

Relative Clause

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N + who / whom / which / that / whose / where / when + ...

who – người (chủ ngữ): The man who lives next door.
whom – người (tân ngữ): The girl whom I met.
which – vật: The book which I bought.
that – người hoặc vật (defining).
whose – sở hữu: The girl whose hair is long.
where – nơi | when – thời gian.

V-ing (chủ động)

→ The man standing there = who is standing there.

V₃ (bị động)

→ The letter written by him = which was written.

to-V (sau first / last / only / số thứ tự)

→ He is the first man to walk on the moon.

Non-defining – dấu phẩy, không dùng "that"

→ My brother, who lives in Hanoi, is a doctor.

What = the thing(s) that

→ What she said surprised everyone.

Which chỉ cả mệnh đề

→ He passed, which surprised everyone.

It's time – Wish – Would rather

Subjunctive

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Dạng 1 – nói chung

It's time + to-V

→ It's time to go.

Dạng 2 – đã đến lúc (nhẹ trách cứ)

It's (high/about) time + S + V₂

→ It's time you went to bed.
→ It's high time he started studying.

Ước hiện tại – trái thực tế

S + wish + S + V₂ / were

→ I wish I were taller.

Ước quá khứ – hối tiếc

S + wish + S + had + V₃

→ I wish I had studied harder.

Ước tương lai – muốn ai thay đổi

S + wish + S + would + V

→ I wish you would stop talking so loud.

Would rather

S + would rather + V (bare) [chính mình] S + would rather + S + V₂ [người khác]

→ I would rather stay home than go out.
→ I would rather you didn't tell him.

As if / As though

as if + S + V₂ → HT giả định as if + S + had V₃ → QK giả định

→ He talks as if he knew everything.
→ She cried as if she had lost everything.

Không những… mà còn

Not only…but also

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S + not only + A + but also + B Not only + aux + S + V, but S + also + V

→ She is not only smart but also kind.
→ Not only did he sing, but he also danced.

Khi "Not only" đứng đầu câu → đảo ngữ mệnh đề đó.

Both… and: She is both kind and smart.
Either… or: Take either the bus or the train.
Neither… nor: Neither he nor she was there.

No sooner… than:
No sooner had she left than it rained.

Hardly… when:
Hardly had I arrived when he called.

Trạng từ phủ định + aux + S + V

→ Never have I seen such beauty.
→ Seldom does she complain.
→ Little did he know the truth.
→ Only then did I understand.
→ Only if you try will you succeed.
→ So tired was she that she fell asleep.

Từ nối (Connectors)

Linking Words

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Thêm ý (Addition)

and, moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, also, what is more

Tương phản (Contrast)

but, however, yet, nevertheless, whereas, while, on the other hand

Although / Even though + S + V, S + V Despite / In spite of + N / V-ing

→ Although it was expensive, she bought it.
→ Despite the rain, they played.
→ Much as I'd like to help, I can't.
→ No matter what you say, I won't change.

Không viết "Although… but…" — lỗi rất phổ biến!

Kết quả

so, therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, hence

Mục đích

to, in order to, so that, so as to, in order that, for fear that, lest

So… that / Such… that

So + adj/adv + that + S + V Such + (a/an) + adj + N + that + S + V

→ She was so tired that she fell asleep.
→ It was such a hard exam that many failed.

Bị động nâng cao

Passive Advanced

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See, hear, feel, watch…

S + be seen/heard + to-V (hoàn thành) S + be seen/heard + V-ing (tiếp diễn)

→ He was seen to enter the building.
→ She was heard singing in the shower.

Make / Let → bị động

→ He was made to work. (make → be made to-V)
→ We were allowed to go. (let → be allowed to-V)

It + be + V₃ + that-clause S + be + V₃ + to-V S + be + V₃ + to have + V₃

→ It is believed that he is guilty.
→ He is believed to be guilty.
→ He is believed to have committed the crime.

Verbs: believe, say, think, report, consider, know, suppose…

Động từ 2 tân ngữ → 2 câu bị động

Active: She gave him a book.
Passive 1: He was given a book.
Passive 2: A book was given to him.

Bị động với V-ing

enjoy / avoid / consider + being + V₃

→ She enjoys being praised.
→ He hates being ignored.

If – Đảo ngữ & Mixed nâng cao

Conditionals Adv.

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Đảo ngữ 3 loại

Should + S + V → Loại 1 Were + S + (to-V/adj) → Loại 2 Had + S + V₃ → Loại 3

→ Should you need help, call me.
→ Were she to arrive late, we'd start without her.
→ Had I known, I would have told you.

Mixed conditional

→ If I had taken the job, I would be rich now. (QK→HT)
→ If I were smarter, I would have solved it. (HT→QK)

Mixed = kết hợp 2 thì khác nhau trong 1 câu điều kiện.

Đảo ngữ nhấn mạnh toàn diện

Full Inversion

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Trạng từ/cụm phủ định + aux + S + V

Never have I seen such beauty.
Seldom does she complain.
Rarely did he arrive on time.
Little did he know the truth.
No sooner had she left than it rained.
Hardly had I arrived when he called.
Not only did he fail, but he also quit.
Only then did I understand.
Only if you try hard will you succeed.
So tired was she that she fell asleep immediately.

Relative Clause nâng cao

Relative Adv.

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Giới từ + which / whom (trang trọng)

N + prep + which/whom + S + V

→ The house in which she lives is old.
→ The man with whom I spoke is the director.

Which chỉ cả mệnh đề trước

→ He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.

Whose dùng cho cả vật

→ The company whose products are popular is expanding.

Từ nối nâng cao

Connectors Adv.

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Much as / Try as

→ Much as I'd like to help, I can't.
→ Try as he might, he couldn't open the door.

No matter + wh-

→ No matter what you say, I won't change my mind.
→ No matter how hard it is, don't give up.
→ No matter where she goes, she makes friends.

For fear that / Lest

S + V + for fear that + S + might/would + V S + V + lest + S + (should) + V

→ She whispered for fear that she might wake the baby.
→ He ran lest he should miss the train.

So that / In order that

→ He studied hard so that he could pass.
→ She spoke slowly in order that everyone could understand.

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